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Computer Science Academic Vocabulary List (CSAVL) Common academic words in CS textbooks and articles

This page describes the Computer Science Academic Vocabulary List (CSAVL), giving information on what the CSAVL is, how it was developed, how it differs from other word lists, as well as a complete list of words in the CSAVL.


To explore the list more fully, try the CSAVL highlighter (on this site).


What is the CSAVL?

The Computer Science Academic Vocabulary List (CSAVL) was developed in 2021 by David Roesler, working at the Department of Applied Linguistics, Portland State University. The CSAVL is a list of academic words which occur frequently in the kind of textbooks and journal articles used by Computer Science (CS) undergraduates at university in the USA, and is intended to provide an efficient tool for CS students to reach a minimum comprehension threshold of 95%. It comprises 904 words in the main list, with an additional 702 in a supplemental, more technical list. In total, the two lists provide 19.90% coverage of a second evaluative corpus, or 1.24% per 100 words.


Unlike some other field-specific (i.e. subject-specific) academic word lists, the CSAVL does not exclude general words. This is because many polysemous words (i.e. words with multiple meanings) may be excluded from the list, despite having distinct meanings in Computer Science that students need to learn. The author gives the following examples: bug, port, tree, string, volume, mouse, instance, for and while.


How was the CSAVL developed?

In order to develop the CSAVL, Roesler created two corpora, one to develop the list, the second to evaluate it. These were called the Computer Science Academic Corpus 1 and 2 respectively (abbreviated to CSAC1 and CSAC2). Each corpus was drawn from textbooks and journal articles, each comprising 10 sub-disciplines, 20 sub-disciplines in total. The textbooks were chosen for relevance, influence and usage, and were intended to represent the core texts students might encounter on an undergraduate CS course, while the journal articles were chosen for relevance, recency and usage (measured by unique downloads), and were ones which students might use for independent research projects. The CSAC1 comprised 12 textbooks and 142 articles, and formed a corpus of 3.5 million words, while the CSAC2 consisted of chapters from 10 textbooks and 42 articles, totalling 700,000 words.


Words for the CSAVL were selected in a broadly similar way to those in the AVL by Gardner and Davies. Specifically, the following six criteria were used.

  • Minimum frequency. Words needed to occur at least 100 times in the CSAC1.
  • Discipline connection. Words needed to occur at least 1.5 as often in the CSAC1 as in a corpus of general English, or have a CS specific meaning.
  • Range. Words needed to occur at least 20% their expected frequency in each of the 20 sub-disciplines.
  • Dispersion. Words needed to be evenly distributed throughout the corpora.
  • Discipline measure. Words could not occur more than three times the expected frequency in more than 3 sub-disciplines (to exclude words which might have been specific to certain sub-disciplines).
  • Additional meaning criterion. High frequency words needed to appear in CS technical dictionaries. This criterion was added to exclude common words such as 'we'.

How does the CSAVL differ from other lists?

The CSAVL contrasts with another field-specific academic list, the CSWL or Computer Science Word List, developed by Minshall in 2013. Unlike the CSWL, which excludes words from the GSL and AWL and therefore forms a third, supplementary list, the CSAVL is intended to be a stand-alone list of academic vocabulary.


Roesler found that the CSAVL and CSAVL-S combined gave a coverage of 19.90% in the CASC2, which is more than the 17.26% provided by the AWL and CSWL combination. Additionally, the coverage per 100 words was 1.24 for the former, and 0.55 for the latter, showing that the CSAVL/CSAVL-S are more efficient than the AWL/CSWL, which was a key consideration in the construction of the CSAVL.


In comparing the CSAVL alone with both the AWL and AVL, the author found that the AWL offered slightly better coverage (18.64% compared to 16.06%), the AVL slightly less (12.20%), but again, the CSAVL was more efficient, offering 1.78% coverage per 100 words, compared to 0.62% for the AWL and 0.63% for the AVL.


Finally, in combining the CSAVL and CSAVL-S with the new-GSL, a lemma based general word list, Roesler found that this gave 94.77% coverage, very close to the minimum 95%. While the GSL/AWL/CSWL combination fared slightly better, with 95.49%, this combination has 8489 words in total, far more than the 3918 for the new-GSL, CSAVL and CSAVL-S, which again provided better efficiency, of 2.42% per 100 words, in contrast to 1.12% for the GSL/AWL/CSWL combination.


References

Roesler, R. (2021) 'When a bug is not a bug: An Introduction the the computer science academic vocabulary list', Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 54 (2014) 101044. Available from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeap.2021.101044.


Computer Science Academic Vocabulary List

The following list gives the 904 words in the CSAVL, with rank, meaning (* indicates CS-specific meaning, # indicates Mathematics-specific meaning), word form (noun, verb, adjective, adverb) and inflected forms.


There is a separate list showing the 702 more specialist words in the CSAVL-S. Click on the button below to show that list.


CSAVL


Rank  Word  Meaning  Word form  Inflected forms 
1system*nsystems
2data*ndatas, datum, datums
3algorithm*nalgorithms
4suchadj
5base*vbased, basing, bases
6node*nnodes
7model*nmodels
8case*ncases
9program*nprograms, programme, programmes
10information*n
11set*nsets
12code*ncodes
13function*nfunctions
14process*nprocesses
15application*napplications
16software*n
17class*nclasses
18point*npoints
19type*ntypes
20network*nnetworks
21tree*ntrees
22object*nobjects
23element*nelements
24input*ninputs
25operation*noperations
26level*nlevels
27memory*nmemories
28table*ntables
29order*norders
30file*nfiles
31variable*nvariables
32language*nlanguages
33write*vwritten, wrote, writing, writes
34list*nlists
35structure*nstructures
36compute#vcomputes, computed, computing
37sequence*nsequences
38computer*ncomputers
39bit*nbits
40probability*nprobabilities
41machine*nmachines
42array*narrays
43page*npages
44error*nerrors
45step*nsteps
46search*nsearches
47mostadj
48path*npaths
49graph*ngraphs
50web*nwebs
51length*nlengths
52severaladj
53security*nsecurities
54proof*nproofs
55access*naccesses
56obtainvobtained, obtaining, obtains
57matrix*nmatrices, matrixes
58task*ntasks
59image*nimages
60form*nforms
61return*nreturns
62interface*ninterfaces
63resource*nresources
64address*naddresses
65implementation*nimplementations
66loop*nloops
67first*adv
68read*vreading, reads
69location*nlocations
70hardware*n
71behaviornbehaviors, behaviour, behaviours
72programming*n
73field*nfields
74key*nkeys
75parameter*nparameters
76distribution*ndistributions
77definition*ndefinitions
78instance*ninstances
79interaction*ninteractions
80internet*n
81representation*nrepresentations
82edge*nedges
83stack*nstacks
84return*vreturning, returned, returns
85procedure*nprocedures
86link*nlinks
87output*noutputs
88block*nblocks
89domain*ndomains
90store*vstored, stores, storing
91call*ncalls
92device*ndevices
93server*nservers
94static*adj
95datasetndatasets
96detectionndetections
97write*nwrites
98execute*vexecuted, executing, executes
99least#adj
100key*adj
101range*nranges
102pattern*npatterns
103vector*nvectors
104binaryadj
105constraint*nconstraints
106message*nmessages
107environment*nenvironments
108tool*ntools
109querynqueries
110phase*nphases
111cluster*nclusters
112architecture*narchitectures
113root*nroots
114character*ncharacters
115processor*nprocessors
116dueadj
117computation#ncomputations
118standard*adj
119expression*nexpressions
120cell*ncells
121client*nclients
122constant*adj
123address*vaddressed, addresses, addressing
124database*ndatabases
125access*vaccessed, accessing, accesses
126argument*narguments
127online*adj
128dynamic*adj
129simulation*nsimulations
130construct*vconstructing, constructed, constructs
131degree*ndegrees
132log#nlogs
133layer*nlayers
134linearadj
135select*vselected, selecting, selects
136choice*nchoices
137optimal#adj
138index*nindices, indexes
139complexity*ncomplexities
140signal*nsignals
141analyzevanalyzing, analyzed, analyzes, analysing, analysed, analyses
142executionnexecutions
143specifyvspecified, specifies, specifying
144correspondingadj
145display*vdisplayed, displays, displaying
146document*ndocuments
147model*vmodelled, models, modelling
148handle*vhandling, handled, handles
149mode*nmodes
150frame*nframes
151check*vchecks, checked, checking
152mean*nmeans
153equation*nequations
154scheme*nschemes
155theory*ntheories
156knowledge*nknowledges
157physical*adj
158cycle*ncycles
159accordvaccording, accords, accorded
160optimization*noptimizations, optimisation, optimisations
161logic*nlogics
162classificationnclassifications
163cluster*vclusters, clustered, clustering
164enable*venabled, enabling, enables
165requestnrequests
166denotevdenotes, denoted, denoting
167accuracy*naccuracies
168process*vprocessing, processes, processed
169sortvsorts, sorting, sorted
170engineeringn
171operator*noperators
172formulanformulae, formulas
173failure*nfailures
174measure*vmeasured, measures, measuring
175interval#nintervals
176virtualadj
177share*vsharing, shared, shares
178assignvassigned, assigning, assigns
179symbol*nsymbols
180framework*nframeworks
181exception*nexceptions
182testing*ntestings
183organizationnorganizations, organisation, organisations
184updatevupdating, updates, updated
185basic*adj
186specification*nspecifications
187maxn
188configuration*nconfigurations
189assumption#nassumptions
190evaluationnevaluations
191processingn
192notationnnotations
193storage*nstorages
194protocol*nprotocols
195platform*nplatforms
196typicallyadv
197subset*nsubsets
198bound*nbounds
199respectivelyadv
200traffic*n
201recognize*vrecognizes, recognized, recognizing, recognises, recognised, recognising
202depth*ndepths
203attribute*nattributes
204aspect*naspects
205characteristic*ncharacteristics
206combination*ncombinations
207branch*nbranches
208card*ncards
209category*ncategories
210conditional*adj
211modifyvmodified, modifying, modifies
212frequency*nfrequencies
213grid*ngrids
214global*adj
215dimension*ndimensions
216insert*vinserted, inserting, inserts
217priority*npriorities
218speed*nspeeds
219variable*adjvariables
220centerncenters, centre, centres
221exploitvexploited, exploiting, exploits
222link*vlinks, linked, linking
223measure*nmeasures
224library*nlibraries
225similaritynsimilarities
226iteration*niterations
227vertex*nvertices, vertexes
228resolution*nresolutions
229predictionnpredictions
230transaction*ntransactions
231equivalent#adj
232extractvextracted, extracts, extracting
233finite#adj
234cache*ncaches
235efficiency#nefficiencies
236label*nlabels
237validadj
238functionalitynfunctionalities
239summarynsummaries
240check*nchecks
241boundarynboundaries
242computingn
243multiplication#nmultiplications
244yieldvyields, yielded, yielding
245automaticallyadv
246correspondvcorresponds, corresponded, corresponding
247neighbornneighbors, neighbour, neighbours
248minimum#adj
249compiler*ncompilers
250mathematicaladj
251assignmentnassignments
252integratevintegrating, integrated, integrates
253convert#vconverted, converting, converts
254order*vorders, ordering, ordered
255relatedadj
256base*nbases
257encodevencodes, encoded, encoding
258segment*nsegments
259computationaladj
260dimensionaladj
261metric*nmetrics
262fast*adjfastest, faster
263zero#adj
264label*vlabels, labelling, labelled, labeled, labeling
265list*vlisted, lists, listing
266safety*nsafeties
267embedvembedded, embeds, embedding
268allocatevallocated, allocates, allocating
269minimize*vminimizing, minimized, minimizes, minimising, minimised, minimises
270desirevdesired, desires, desiring
271copy*ncopies
272classifyvclassified, classifying, classifies
273track*vtracking, tracks, tracked
274overviewnoverviews
275diagram#ndiagrams
276active*adj
277monitor*vmonitored, monitoring, monitors
278delete*vdeleted, deleting, deletes
279temporaladj
280maliciousadj
281drive*ndrives
282summarizevsummarizing, summarizes, summarized, summarising, summarises, summarised
283logical*adj
284map*vmaps, mapped, mapping
285volume*nvolumes
286usagenusages
287min*nmins
288approximation#napproximations
289chain*nchains
290name*vnames, naming, named
291bind*vbound, binds, binding
292count#ncounts
293guaranteevguaranteed, guaranteeing, guarantees
294map*nmaps
295format*nformats
296channel*nchannels
297updatenupdates
298infrastructureninfrastructures
299adaptvadapted, adapting, adapts
300stream*nstreams
301search*vsearching, searched, searches
302store*nstores
303capabilityncapabilities
304buffer*nbuffers
305ratio#nratios
306engine*nengines
307mapping*nmappings
308optimizevoptimizing, optimizes, optimized, optimising, optimises, optimised
309kernel*nkernels
310overheadnoverheads
311transformation*ntransformations
312recallnrecalls
313printvprinted, prints, printing
314feedback*nfeedbacks
315hypothesisnhypotheses
316mean*adjmeanest, meaner
317command*ncommands
318bound*vbounds, bounded, bounding
319translatevtranslated, translating, translates
320translation*ntranslations
321verifyvverified, verifying, verifies
322arbitraryadj
323limitationnlimitations
324deployvdeployed, deploying, deploys
325spatialadj
326thresholdnthresholds
327inference*ninferences
328coefficient#ncoefficients
329view*vviews, viewed, viewing
330video*adj
331core*ncores
332destinationndestinations
333underlievunderlay, underlying, underlies, underlain
334abstraction*nabstractions
335switch*vswitches, switching, switched
336regression#nregressions
337learning*nlearnings
338squarensquares
339entity*nentities
340code*vcoded, codes, coding
341precision*nprecisions
342extension*nextensions
343verification*nverifications
344interactive*adj
345capacity*ncapacities
346variation*nvariations
347file*vfiling, filed, files
348deploymentndeployments
349specifiedadj
350abstractadj
351decreasevdecreased, decreasing, decreases
352one#nones
353continuousadj
354utilizevutilizing, utilized, utilizes, utilising, utilised, utilises
355noise*nnoises
356discrete#adj
357curve#ncurves
358rotationnrotations
359correctlyadv
360orientedadj
361randomlyadv
362hierarchy*nhierarchies
363monitoringnmonitorings
364fraction*nfractions
365default*ndefaults
366explicitlyadv
367clock*nclocks
368technicaladj
369simplify#vsimplified, simplifying, simplifies
370crossncrosses
371simulatevsimulates, simulating, simulated
372characterizevcharacterized, characterizes, characterizing, characterised, characterises, characterising
373switch*nswitches
374scale#vscaled, scales, scaling
375namelyadv
376generalizevgeneralizes, generalized, generalizing, generalises, generalised, generalising
377organizevorganizing, organized, organizes, organising, organised, organises
378interactvinteracts, interacting, interacted
379sequential*adj
380allocationnallocations
381developer*ndevelopers
382selfnselves
383transferntransfers
384rectangle#nrectangles
385shift*nshifts
386maximum#nmaxima, maximums
387partition*vpartitions, partitioned, partitioning
388prototype*nprototypes
389explicitadj
390slotnslots
391generic*adj
392estimation#nestimations
393sparseadjsparser, sparsest
394calculationncalculations
395partition*npartitions
396commonlyadv
397portionnportions
398chip*nchips
399hierarchicaladj
400signature*nsignatures
401remainder#nremainders
402graphicaladj
403compilevcompiled, compiles, compiling
404exact#adj
405evolutionnevolutions
406construct*nconstructs
407scope*nscopes
408review*vreviewed, reviews, reviewing
409availability*navailabilities
410arithmetic#narithmetics
411block*vblocks, blocked, blocking
412partialadj
413interpretvinterpreted, interpreting, interprets
414transfervtransfers, transferred, transferring, transfering, transfered
415topology*ntopologies
416sample#vsamples, sampling, sampled
417taxonomyntaxonomies
418secondadv
419terminatevterminates, terminated, terminating
420counter*ncounters
421read*nreads
422split*vsplitting, splits
423increment*nincrements
424decomposition*ndecompositions
425leftnlefts
426register*vregistered, registers, registering
427axis#naxes
428syntax*nsyntaxes
429frequentadj
430parallel*adj
431influence*vinfluenced, influences, influencing
432peernpeers
433null*adj
434greedyadjgreediest, greedier
435efficientlyadv
436evolvevevolved, evolving, evolves
437minimum#nminima, minimums
438geometricadj
439dependencyndependencies
440engineernengineers
441distinguishvdistinguished, distinguishing, distinguishes
442filter*vfilters, filtering, filtered
443equalvequals, equalled, equalling
444targetvtargeted, targets, targeting, targetting, targetted
445followingnfollowings
446validation*nvalidations
447variantnvariants
448digital*adj
449towardcon
450width*nwidths
451velocity#nvelocities
452probabilisticadj
453pass*npasses
454communicatevcommunicates, communicated, communicating
455exceedvexceeding, exceeds, exceeded
456straightforwardadj
457edit*vedited, editing, edits
458automaticadj
459universaladj
460inadv
461random#n
462header*nheaders
463constrainvconstrained, constraining, constrains
464identifier*nidentifiers
465compute#ncomputes
466mouse*nmice, mouses
467range*vranging, ranges, ranged
468float*vfloating, floats, floated
469eliminateveliminates, eliminated, eliminating
470multiplyvmultiplies, multiplying, multiplied
471browser*nbrowsers
472violatevviolated, violating, violates
473runtimenruntimes
474hintnhints
475integrity*n
476filter*nfilters
477infinite#adj
478likelihood*nlikelihoods
479multiple#nmultiples
480zero#nzeros
481theoreticaladj
482occurrencenoccurrences
483infervinferred, inferring, infers
484initialize#vinitialized, initializing, initializes, initialised, initialising, initialises
485completionncompletions
486constant*nconstants
487adaptiveadj
488maintenance*n
489aggregationnaggregations
490compromisevcompromising, compromises, compromised
491symmetricadj
492artifactnartifacts
493interrupt*vinterrupting, interrupted, interrupts
494reusevreusing, reused, reuses
495binnbins
496paradigm*nparadigms
497type*vtypes, typed, typing
498discoveryndiscoveries
499identification*nidentifications
500coordinatencoordinates
501vendornvendors
502expectation*nexpectations
503retrievalnretrievals
504independentlyadv
505maximize*vmaximizing, maximizes, maximized, maximising, maximises, maximised
506pi#n
507reasoningnreasonings
508inequality*ninequalities
509schedulevscheduled, schedules, scheduling
510transmissionntransmissions
511modificationnmodifications
512coarseadjcoarser, coarsest
513highlight*vhighlighted, highlights, highlighting
514statisticaladj
515approximate#vapproximated, approximates, approximating
516overlap*voverlaps, overlapped, overlapping
517shift*vshifted, shifts, shifting
518robust#adjrobuster, robustest
519tracevtraces, tracing, traced
520scan*vscanned, scanning, scans
521refinement*nrefinements
522yieldnyields
523transmitvtransmitted, transmits, transmitting
524connectivity*nconnectivities
525recursivelyadv
526function*vfunctions, functioned, functioning
527fasteradv
528outlier*noutliers
529precedingadj
530bug*nbugs
531recovery*nrecoveries
532overflow*noverflows
533gate*ngates
534empirical#adj
535intermediateadj
536effectivenessn
537guidelinenguidelines
538collision#ncollisions
539comparableadj
540formulationnformulations
541exhibitvexhibited, exhibiting, exhibits
542roughlyadv
543operationaladj
544minimaladj
545automatedadj
546split*nsplits
547retrievevretrieved, retrieving, retrieves
548divisionndivisions
549contentadj
550deterministic*adj
551port*nports
552prime#nprimes
553simultaneouslyadv
554intersection*nintersections
555scalability*n
556utility#nutilities
557uniform#adj
558object*vobjects, objected, objecting
559electronic*adj
560structuraladj
561nonnegativeadj
562implicit#adj
563arrownarrows
564insightninsights
565surveyvsurveys, surveyed, surveying
566prioradj
567experimentaladj
568composition*ncompositions
569weightedadj
570hybridadj
571adjacentadj
572alignmentnalignments
573install*vinstalled, installing, installs
574manipulatevmanipulated, manipulating, manipulates
575incorrectadj
576motivatevmotivated, motivates, motivating
577dynamicallyadv
578depictvdepicting, depicted, depicts
579enforcevenforced, enforcing, enforces
580coordinatevcoordinated, coordinating, coordinates
581null*nnulls
582zerovzeroing, zeros, zeroed
583alphabet*nalphabets
584vulnerableadj
585rank*vranks, ranking, ranked
586utilizationnutilizations, utilisation, utilisations
587layoutnlayouts
588preciseadj
589dynamics#n
590sampling*nsamplings
591offsetvoffsets, offsetting
592conventionnconventions
593bias*nbiases
594simplicitynsimplicities
595proportionaladj
596interpretation*ninterpretations
597trackingn
598validate*vvalidated, validating, validates
599flipvflips, flipped, flipping
600graphics*n
601mechanical#adj
602minevmining, mines, mined
603phenomenonnphenomena
604matching*nmatchings
605equivalence*nequivalences
606principaladj
607doubleadv
608legitimateadj
609monitor*nmonitors
610enterprisenenterprises
611prioradv
612generator*ngenerators
613smartadjsmartest, smarter
614correction#ncorrections
615checkingncheckings
616completeness*n
617projection*nprojections
618document*vdocuments, documented, documenting
619rewritevrewritten, rewrites, rewrote
620helpfuladj
621flexibleadj
622requestvrequests, requested, requesting
623sharedadj
624correctnessn
625trace#ntraces
626additionallyadv
627load#vloaded, laden, loading, loads
628connectedadj
629behavevbehaving, behaves, behaved
630hostvhosting, hosts, hosted
631numericaladj
632arithmetic#adj
633workloadnworkloads
634sharingnsharings
635guaranteenguarantees
636indicator*nindicators
637remote*adjremoter, remotest
638equalitynequalities
639centralizedadjcentralised
640chunk*nchunks
641originallyadv
642formallyadv
643repeatedlyadv
644metric*adj
645intuitiveadj
646configurevconfigured, configuring, configures
647spanvspans, spanning, spanned
648inverse*ninverses
649regardlessadv
650binarynbinaries
651incrementaladj
652doublevdoubled, doubles, doubling
653primitive*adj
654normalizevnormalizing, normalized, normalizes, normalising, normalised, normalises
655versuscon
656anonymousadj
657trigger*vtriggers, triggering, triggered
658accomplishvaccomplished, accomplishing, accomplishes
659structure*vstructures, structured, structuring
660repository*nrepositories
661replacementnreplacements
662penaltynpenalties
663tolerancentolerances
664metadatan
665structuredadj
666referencevreferences, referenced, referencing
667complicatedadj
668group*vgroups, grouped, grouping
669exponentialadj
670swapnswaps
671signal*vsignalled, signals, signalling
672omitvomitted, omitting, omits
673onadv
674even#adj
675exchangevexchanged, exchanges, exchanging
676executableadj
677extractionnextractions
678schedulenschedules
679handlingnhandlings
680website*nwebsites
681root*vrooted, roots, rooting
682accessibleadj
683propagatevpropagating, propagated, propagates
684randomize#vrandomizing, randomized, randomizes, randomising, randomised, randomises
685permutation*npermutations
686advancedadj
687integratedadj
688arc*narcs
689latteradj
690alignvaligned, aligns, aligning
691approximate#adj
692verticaladj
693stream*vstreaming, streams, streamed
694besidescon
695rotatevrotating, rotates, rotated
696core*adj
697scan*nscans
698nestvnests, nested, nesting
699journalnjournals
700subjectadj
701brieflyadv
702base*adjbaser, basest
703diversityndiversities
704fit#nfits
705concurrent#adj
706annotation*nannotations
707appendixnappendices, appendixes
708implication#nimplications
709sufficientlyadv
710consistency*nconsistencies
711weaknessnweaknesses
712motivationnmotivations
713formulatevformulated, formulating, formulates
714centervcentering, centered, centers
715periodicadj
716adoptionnadoptions
717pop*vpopping, popped, pops
718compatibleadj
719decreasendecreases
720correspondence#ncorrespondences
721swapvswapping, swapped, swaps
722receivernreceivers
723reconstructionnreconstructions
724quantity#nquantities
725distinctionndistinctions
726scalable*adj
727alternativelyadv
728stableadj
729disjoint*adj
730convenientadj
731consecutiveadj
732queryvqueries, queried, querying
733displacement#ndisplacements
734adaptationnadaptations
735projectvprojects, projected, projecting
736distortionndistortions
737extensiveadj
738placementnplacements
739separationnseparations
740feasible#adj
741networkingn
742tail*ntails
743violationnviolations
744annotatevannotating, annotated, annotates
745offsetnoffsets
746conjunction*nconjunctions
747generalizationngeneralizations, generalisation, generalisations
748exclusive#adj
749categorizevcategorized, categorizing, categorizes, categorised, categorising, categorises
750dictionary*ndictionaries
751debugvdebugging, debugged, debugs
752emphasizevemphasized, emphasizing, emphasizes, emphasised, emphasising, emphasises
753applicableadj
754bottomadj
755uniformlyadv
756conversionnconversions
757magnitudenmagnitudes
758modifiedadj
759iterativeadj
760template*ntemplates
761therebyadv
762parallel*nparallels
763heuristic*adj
764calculus#n
765program*vprograms, programming, programmed
766separatelyadv
767balance*vbalanced, balancing, balances
768controller*ncontrollers
769greatlyadv
770attribute*vattributed, attributes, attributing
771acquisitionnacquisitions
772purchasevpurchased, purchases, purchasing
773flexibilitynflexibilities
774quantifyvquantified, quantifying, quantifies
775logicallyadv
776robustness*n
777assertion*nassertions
778derivationnderivations
779manuallyadv
780residevresides, residing, resided
781draw*ndraws
782numerousadj
783manualadj
784reverseadj
785uncertainty*nuncertainties
786desirableadj
787speed*vspeeds, speeded, speeding, sped
788timingntimings
789click*nclicks
790millionnmillions
791realisticadj
792peervpeers, peering, peered
793augmentvaugmented, augmenting, augments
794anomalynanomalies
795nonzeroadj
796selfadj
797trivialadj
798specializedadjspecialised
799discardvdiscarded, discarding, discards
800observedadj
801accuratelyadv
802validitynvalidities
803strictlyadv
804mitigatevmitigated, mitigating, mitigates
805push*npushes
806square#vsquares, squaring, squared
807planning*n
808above#adv
809persistentadj
810partiallyadv
811traversevtraversed, traverses, traversing
812balanced*adj
813refinevrefined, refining, refines
814requiredadj
815click*vclicked, clicking, clicks
816meaningfuladj
817incurvincurred, incurring, incurs
818precedevpreceded, precedes, preceding
819collaborativeadj
820heterogeneousadj
821marketingn
822terminologynterminologies
823automatevautomating, automated, automates
824definevdefined, defining, defines
825flashnflashes
826algorithm*nalgorithms
827continuouslyadv
828numbervnumbers, numbered, numbering
829forth*adv
830subtractvsubtracting, subtracted, subtracts
831orientvoriented, orienting, orients
832subsystemnsubsystems
833disadvantagendisadvantages
834replicatevreplicated, replicates, replicating
835closed*adj
836implicitlyadv
837redundant#adj
838mutualadj
839parallelismnparallelisms
840altervaltered, altering, alters
841selectedadj
842manipulationnmanipulations
843simulator*nsimulators
844bucket*nbuckets
845horizontaladj
846masknmasks
847collaborationncollaborations
848printer*nprinters
849challengingadj
850classicaladj
851dueadv
852exitnexits
853routine*adj
854multimedia*n
855copevcoping, coped, copes
856illustrationnillustrations
857incomingadj
858representative#adj
859inherentadj
860sum#vsummed, sums, summing
861abstractnabstracts
862fragmentnfragments
863composite#adj
864relationaladj
865assertvasserted, asserting, asserts
866oppositeadj
867viceadj
868neighboringadj
869snapshotnsnapshots
870latternlatters
871accordinglyadv
872invalid#adj
873visualization*nvisualizations, visualisation, visualisations
874sizevsized, sizes, sizing
875noveladj
876physicallyadv
877localitynlocalities
878transformntransforms
879concreteadj
880computationallyadv
881hiddenadj
882fulfillvfulfills, fulfilling, fulfilled, fulfils, fulfil
883originatevoriginates, originated, originating
884virtualnvirtuals
885script*nscripts
886acceptancenacceptances
887arbitrarilyadv
888setupnsetups
889positive#npositives
890shell*nshells
891drawbackndrawbacks
892scaling*nscalings
893couple#vcouples, coupled, coupling
894bruteadj
895averagevaverages, averaged, averaging
896benchmark*nbenchmarks
897falseadj
898designatevdesignated, designating, designates
899outeradj
900derivative*nderivatives
901classicadj
902stack*vstacked, stacks, stacking
903nextadv
904leveragevleveraged, leveraging, leverages



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Sheldon Smith

Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 31 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn.



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